Verse-by-Verse Commentary
The Book of Luke
Chapter 1: That Holy One, the Son of God
Luke sets out to write an orderly, carefully researched account so that we may know the certainty of what we believe. His first chapter is full of wonder: an aged priest struck silent, a virgin greeted by an angel, two miraculous pregnancies, and a song that has echoed through the church for two thousand years. At the center stands the announcement to Mary, that the child conceived by the Holy Spirit will be called the Son of God, the Savior born into the world.
About This Commentary
This is a verse-by-verse study of Luke chapter 1. For each section you will find the KJV text, the Greek words that sharpen the meaning, plain explanation, and a Gospel Focus. Luke gives the fullest account of the events surrounding the birth of Christ, written with a careful historian's hand. Every Scripture quotation is from the King James Version.
Setting the Stage
The Gospel for All People
Luke presents Jesus as the Savior of the whole world, with special tenderness toward the poor, women, outsiders, and sinners. It is the most detailed and carefully researched of the Gospels.
Luke the Physician
Luke, a physician and companion of Paul, was the only Gentile writer of Scripture. He also wrote the Book of Acts, giving us a two-volume history of Jesus and the early church.
Before the Birth
Chapter 1 tells of the announcements of two miraculous births: John the Baptist to the aged Zacharias and Elizabeth, and Jesus to the virgin Mary, along with Mary's song of praise.
Nothing Is Impossible with God
God brings life from a barren womb and from a virgin, keeping His ancient promises. What He announces, He accomplishes, for with God nothing will be impossible.
An Orderly Account (Luke 1:1-4)
Luke states his purpose plainly: he has researched carefully so his reader may be sure of what he has been taught.
That You May Know the Certainty
"Forasmuch as many have taken in hand to set forth in order a declaration of those things which are most surely believed among us, Even as they delivered them unto us, which from the beginning were eyewitnesses, and ministers of the word; It seemed good to me also, having had perfect understanding of all things from the very first, to write unto thee in order, most excellent Theophilus, That thou mightest know the certainty of those things, wherein thou hast been instructed. There was in the days of Herod, the king of Judaea, a certain priest named Zacharias, of the course of Abia: and his wife was of the daughters of Aaron, and her name was Elisabeth. And they were both righteous before God, walking in all the commandments and ordinances of the Lord blameless. And they had no child, because that Elisabeth was barren, and they both were now well stricken in years. And it came to pass, that while he executed the priest's office before God in the order of his course, According to the custom of the priest's office, his lot was to burn incense when he went into the temple of the Lord. And the whole multitude of the people were praying without at the time of incense. And there appeared unto him an angel of the Lord standing on the right side of the altar of incense. And when Zacharias saw him, he was troubled, and fear fell upon him. But the angel said unto him, Fear not, Zacharias: for thy prayer is heard; and thy wife Elisabeth shall bear thee a son, and thou shalt call his name John. And thou shalt have joy and gladness; and many shall rejoice at his birth. For he shall be great in the sight of the Lord, and shall drink neither wine nor strong drink; and he shall be filled with the Holy Ghost, even from his mother's womb. And many of the children of Israel shall he turn to the Lord their God. And he shall go before him in the spirit and power of Elias, to turn the hearts of the fathers to the children, and the disobedient to the wisdom of the just; to make ready a people prepared for the Lord. And Zacharias said unto the angel, Whereby shall I know this? for I am an old man, and my wife well stricken in years. And the angel answering said unto him, I am Gabriel, that stand in the presence of God; and am sent to speak unto thee, and to shew thee these glad tidings. And, behold, thou shalt be dumb, and not able to speak, until the day that these things shall be performed, because thou believest not my words, which shall be fulfilled in their season. And the people waited for Zacharias, and marvelled that he tarried so long in the temple. And when he came out, he could not speak unto them: and they perceived that he had seen a vision in the temple: for he beckoned unto them, and remained speechless. And it came to pass, that, as soon as the days of his ministration were accomplished, he departed to his own house. And after those days his wife Elisabeth conceived, and hid herself five months, saying, Thus hath the Lord dealt with me in the days wherein he looked on me, to take away my reproach among men. And in the sixth month the angel Gabriel was sent from God unto a city of Galilee, named Nazareth, To a virgin espoused to a man whose name was Joseph, of the house of David; and the virgin's name was Mary. And the angel came in unto her, and said, Hail, thou that art highly favoured, the Lord is with thee: blessed art thou among women. And when she saw him, she was troubled at his saying, and cast in her mind what manner of salutation this should be. And the angel said unto her, Fear not, Mary: for thou hast found favour with God. And, behold, thou shalt conceive in thy womb, and bring forth a son, and shalt call his name JESUS. He shall be great, and shall be called the Son of the Highest: and the Lord God shall give unto him the throne of his father David: And he shall reign over the house of Jacob for ever; and of his kingdom there shall be no end. Then said Mary unto the angel, How shall this be, seeing I know not a man?"
Greek Study
Luke opens with the polished Greek of a careful historian, stating his method: he has "had perfect understanding of all things from the very first" (akribos, accurately) in order to write "in order" (kathexes, in orderly sequence). His stated goal is asphaleia -- "certainty," literally that which cannot be made to slip or fall. Luke does not offer Theophilus pious legend but investigated fact, so that faith may rest on solid ground. The Gospel invites examination; its truth is meant to be known with certainty.
Explanation
Luke frames his Gospel as sober history addressed to "most excellent Theophilus," grounded in the testimony of "eyewitnesses." He then tells of two miraculous announcements: to old, barren Zacharias, a son who will be the forerunner, and to the virgin Mary, the Son of the Highest. The forerunner comes "in the spirit and power of Elias"; the Son will "reign over the house of Jacob for ever." Luke sets the two births side by side to show the lesser preparing the way for the greater, and history itself bending toward the coming of the Saviour.
Gospel Focus
Luke roots the gospel in history, not myth. He has carefully investigated everything "from the very first," drawing on eyewitnesses, so that Theophilus, and every reader after him, "may know the certainty" of what he believes. The Christian faith is not a leap into the dark but a response to well-attested facts: God really did act in history in Jesus of Nazareth. Peter said the same: "we have not followed cunningly devised fables" (2 Peter 1:16). We can hold our faith with confidence, for it rests on real events, faithfully recorded. God has given us solid ground to stand on.
The Son of the Highest (Luke 1:31-35)
The angel Gabriel announces to Mary a conception unlike any other, and names the child.
That Holy One Will Be Called the Son of God
"And the angel answered and said unto her, The Holy Ghost shall come upon thee, and the power of the Highest shall overshadow thee: therefore also that holy thing which shall be born of thee shall be called the Son of God. And, behold, thy cousin Elisabeth, she hath also conceived a son in her old age: and this is the sixth month with her, who was called barren. For with God nothing shall be impossible. And Mary said, Behold the handmaid of the Lord; be it unto me according to thy word. And the angel departed from her. And Mary arose in those days, and went into the hill country with haste, into a city of Juda; And entered into the house of Zacharias, and saluted Elisabeth. And it came to pass, that, when Elisabeth heard the salutation of Mary, the babe leaped in her womb; and Elisabeth was filled with the Holy Ghost: And she spake out with a loud voice, and said, Blessed art thou among women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb. And whence is this to me, that the mother of my Lord should come to me? For, lo, as soon as the voice of thy salutation sounded in mine ears, the babe leaped in my womb for joy. And blessed is she that believed: for there shall be a performance of those things which were told her from the Lord."
Greek Study
Gabriel explains the virgin conception with two verbs: the Holy Ghost shall "come upon" Mary and the power of the Highest shall "overshadow" (episkiasei) her -- the same word used of the glory-cloud that overshadowed the tabernacle (Exodus 40:35). And the conclusion is precise: "therefore also that holy thing which shall be born of thee shall be called the Son of God." The title "Son of God" is grounded in the incarnation itself -- therefore, because conceived by the Spirit -- naming the one God's own presence taking flesh in Mary's womb.
Explanation
The angel's answer to "how shall this be?" is not biology but the creative power of God: the same Spirit that hovered over the waters at creation now overshadows Mary. Luke roots the sonship of Jesus in this miraculous conception -- the "Son of God" is God manifest in flesh, the Word made a real human being. Mary's reply, "be it unto me according to thy word," is the model of faith, and her visit to Elisabeth draws out the first blessing: "blessed is she that believed." The glory-cloud that once filled the tabernacle now fills a virgin's womb, and God comes to dwell with His people in person.
Gospel Focus
This verse explains why the child is called "the Son of God." It is not that a preexisting Son changed into a man, but that "The Holy Ghost shall come upon thee, and the power of the Highest shall overshadow thee; therefore" the holy child will be the Son of God. The title "Son of God" is tied directly to His miraculous conception: God Himself, by His Spirit, is the Father of this humanity. The Son is God with us in flesh, "God was manifest in the flesh" (1 Timothy 3:16). Mary's child is fully human, born of a woman, and yet conceived by God, so that the one born is Immanuel, the fullness of God dwelling in a real human life. The virgin conception guards the wonder that the Savior is both truly God and truly man in one Person.
My Soul Magnifies the Lord (Luke 1:46-80)
Mary responds to the wonder not with fear but with worship, in a song that has been sung ever since.
The Magnificat and the Benedictus
"And Mary said, My soul doth magnify the Lord, And my spirit hath rejoiced in God my Saviour. For he hath regarded the low estate of his handmaiden: for, behold, from henceforth all generations shall call me blessed. For he that is mighty hath done to me great things; and holy is his name. And his mercy is on them that fear him from generation to generation. He hath shewed strength with his arm; he hath scattered the proud in the imagination of their hearts. He hath put down the mighty from their seats, and exalted them of low degree. He hath filled the hungry with good things; and the rich he hath sent empty away. He hath holpen his servant Israel, in remembrance of his mercy; As he spake to our fathers, to Abraham, and to his seed for ever. And Mary abode with her about three months, and returned to her own house. Now Elisabeth's full time came that she should be delivered; and she brought forth a son. And her neighbours and her cousins heard how the Lord had shewed great mercy upon her; and they rejoiced with her. And it came to pass, that on the eighth day they came to circumcise the child; and they called him Zacharias, after the name of his father. And his mother answered and said, Not so; but he shall be called John. And they said unto her, There is none of thy kindred that is called by this name. And they made signs to his father, how he would have him called. And he asked for a writing table, and wrote, saying, His name is John. And they marvelled all. And his mouth was opened immediately, and his tongue loosed, and he spake, and praised God. And fear came on all that dwelt round about them: and all these sayings were noised abroad throughout all the hill country of Judaea. And all they that heard them laid them up in their hearts, saying, What manner of child shall this be! And the hand of the Lord was with him. And his father Zacharias was filled with the Holy Ghost, and prophesied, saying, Blessed be the Lord God of Israel; for he hath visited and redeemed his people, And hath raised up an horn of salvation for us in the house of his servant David; As he spake by the mouth of his holy prophets, which have been since the world began: That we should be saved from our enemies, and from the hand of all that hate us; To perform the mercy promised to our fathers, and to remember his holy covenant; The oath which he sware to our father Abraham, That he would grant unto us, that we being delivered out of the hand of our enemies might serve him without fear, In holiness and righteousness before him, all the days of our life. And thou, child, shalt be called the prophet of the Highest: for thou shalt go before the face of the Lord to prepare his ways; To give knowledge of salvation unto his people by the remission of their sins, Through the tender mercy of our God; whereby the dayspring from on high hath visited us, To give light to them that sit in darkness and in the shadow of death, to guide our feet into the way of peace. And the child grew, and waxed strong in spirit, and was in the deserts till the day of his shewing unto Israel."
Greek Study
Mary's song begins, "My soul doth magnify the Lord" -- megalynei, to make great, to declare great -- "and my spirit hath rejoiced in God my Saviour." The word Saviour (soter) is the key to Luke's whole Gospel, and Mary applies it to God even as she carries the child named Jesus ("YHWH saves"). She calls herself of "low estate" (tapeinosis, humiliation), the very lowliness God delights to lift. The Magnificat magnifies not Mary but the Lord who has looked upon the humble.
Explanation
Mary's Magnificat and Zacharias's Benedictus frame the chapter with worship that reaches back through all Israel's history. Mary sings of a God who scatters the proud and exalts the lowly, who fills the hungry and sends the rich away empty -- the great reversal the whole Gospel will enact. Zacharias blesses the God who has "visited and redeemed his people," raising up "an horn of salvation" in David's house and remembering His covenant with Abraham. Both songs treat the promised salvation as already accomplished, so certain is the word of God -- and both center not on the singers but on the Saviour who has come.
Gospel Focus
Mary's song, long called the Magnificat, is a fountain of humble praise. Notice that she calls God "my Savior", even the mother of the Lord confesses her need of salvation; she is a recipient of grace, not a source of it. She rejoices that God "regarded the lowly state" of an ordinary young woman, and this is His way throughout Scripture: He exalts the humble and fills the hungry while the proud are sent away empty (verses 51-53). Mary is a model of faith's response to God: humble, worshipful, magnifying the Lord rather than herself. When God does great things in us, the fitting answer is to make Him great, "my soul magnifies the Lord", giving Him all the glory and taking none for ourselves.
The song does not end with Mary. When John is born, his father Zacharias, "filled with the Holy Ghost," breaks into his own prophecy, long called the Benedictus. He blesses "the Lord God of Israel" for visiting and redeeming His people and raising up "an horn of salvation for us in the house of his servant David." Then he turns to the infant John: "thou shalt go before the face of the Lord to prepare his ways." John goes before the LORD, before Jehovah Himself, just as Malachi foretold; yet the One whose way John prepared was Jesus. There is the wonder: the LORD God of Israel whom Zacharias blessed and the Christ whose path John made ready are one and the same, for in Jesus the one God of Israel came in flesh to His people (so also Luke 7:27). He is "the dayspring from on high" who has "visited us, to give light to them that sit in darkness and in the shadow of death."
Chapter 1 in Review
Luke 1 opens the fullest account of the events surrounding Christ's birth, and it opens with a purpose: Luke has carefully researched everything so his reader may "know the certainty" of the faith. The chapter unfolds two miraculous announcements, the birth of John to the aged Zacharias and Elizabeth, and the conception of Jesus by the virgin Mary through the Holy Spirit, so that the holy child will be called the Son of God. Mary answers the wonder with the Magnificat, magnifying the Lord and rejoicing in God her Savior.
For the Apostolic reader, this chapter grounds the gospel in history and unveils the mystery of the incarnation. The Christian faith rests on well-attested facts, not fables. The virgin conception reveals that the child is the Son of God precisely because God Himself, by His Spirit, is the source of His humanity, Immanuel, God with us in flesh. And Mary shows us faith's true posture: humble worship that calls God "my Savior" and magnifies Him alone. With God nothing is impossible, and what He announced, He accomplished.
- The gospel rests on carefully attested history, so we may know its certainty (2 Peter 1:16).
- The child is called "Son of God" because He was conceived by the Holy Spirit: God with us in flesh.
- Even Mary calls God "my Savior"; she receives grace and is not a source of it.
- Faith's true response is humble worship that magnifies the Lord, not ourselves.
Questions for Reflection
- Luke wrote so you "may know the certainty." Do you hold your faith with confidence in its truth?
- The virgin conception guards that Jesus is both truly God and truly man. Why does that matter for your salvation?
- Mary magnified the Lord and called Him her Savior. When God works in you, do you make Him great, or yourself?
References & Sources
Scripture is quoted from the King James Version (KJV). The Greek terms are standard and can be checked in any lexicon. Supporting passages are listed so every claim can be verified in its own setting. If anything here does not look right, a verse, a reference, or a wording, please tell us at info@FruitBearers.net. Thank you for helping us keep Bible Learning error free.
- Luke's careful, historical purpose: Luke 1:1-4; 2 Peter 1:16.
- The announcement of John's birth to Zacharias: Luke 1:5-25.
- The virgin conception and the Son of God: Luke 1:31-35; Matthew 1:20; 1 Timothy 3:16.
- Mary's song, the Magnificat: Luke 1:46-55; 1 Samuel 2:1-10.
- With God nothing will be impossible: Luke 1:37.