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Verse-by-Verse Commentary

The Book of Acts

Chapter 25: I Appeal Unto Caesar

Acts 25 moves Paul's case forward under a new governor, Festus, and one step closer to Rome. When Festus arrives, the Jewish leaders renew their charges and plot to ambush Paul on the road, but he keeps Paul at Caesarea. Before Festus the Jews lay 'many and grievous complaints against Paul, which they could not prove,' and Paul answers that he has offended neither the law, the temple, nor Caesar. When Festus, wishing to please the Jews, proposes a trial at Jerusalem, Paul, knowing the danger, exercises his right as a Roman citizen: 'I appeal unto Caesar,' and Festus answers, 'unto Caesar shalt thou go.' Then King Agrippa and Bernice visit, and Festus lays the puzzling case before them, reducing the whole matter to 'certain questions... of one Jesus, which was dead, whom Paul affirmed to be alive.' Agrippa desires to hear Paul, and a grand hearing is arranged, for Festus confesses he has 'no certain thing to write' against him. The chapter shows us God's providence carrying Paul toward Rome by lawful appeal, the innocence of the servant repeatedly confessed, and the resurrection of Jesus standing as the true issue of the gospel.

About This Commentary

This is a verse-by-verse study of Acts chapter 25. For each section you will find the KJV text, the Greek words that sharpen the meaning, plain explanation, and a Gospel Focus. Here Paul appeals to Caesar before Festus, and Festus lays his case before King Agrippa. Every Scripture quotation is from the King James Version.

Setting the Stage

The Charges

Which They Could Not Prove

The Jews renew unproven complaints against Paul.

The Appeal

I Appeal Unto Caesar

Paul invokes his Roman right, and toward Rome he goes.

The Report

One Jesus, Whom Paul Affirmed Alive

Festus names the true issue: the resurrection.

Agrippa

I Would Hear the Man

A king desires to hear Paul; a hearing is arranged.

Paul Before Festus and the Appeal to Caesar

I Appeal Unto Caesar (Acts 25:1-12)

Facing renewed plots and an unjust proposal, Paul exercises his right as a Roman citizen and appeals to Caesar.

Acts 25:1-12

Unto Caesar Shalt Thou Go

"Now when Festus was come into the province, after three days he ascended from Caesarea to Jerusalem. Then the high priest and the chief of the Jews informed him against Paul, and besought him, And desired favour against him, that he would send for him to Jerusalem, laying wait in the way to kill him. But Festus answered, that Paul should be kept at Caesarea, and that he himself would depart shortly thither. Let them therefore, said he, which among you are able, go down with me, and accuse this man, if there be any wickedness in him. And when he had tarried among them more than ten days, he went down unto Caesarea; and the next day sitting on the judgment seat commanded Paul to be brought. And when he was come, the Jews which came down from Jerusalem stood round about, and laid many and grievous complaints against Paul, which they could not prove. While he answered for himself, Neither against the law of the Jews, neither against the temple, nor yet against Caesar, have I offended any thing at all. But Festus, willing to do the Jews a pleasure, answered Paul, and said, Wilt thou go up to Jerusalem, and there be judged of these things before me? Then said Paul, I stand at Caesar's judgment seat, where I ought to be judged: to the Jews have I done no wrong, as thou very well knowest. For if I be an offender, or have committed any thing worthy of death, I refuse not to die: but if there be none of these things whereof these accuse me, no man may deliver me unto them. I appeal unto Caesar. Then Festus, when he had conferred with the council, answered, Hast thou appealed unto Caesar? unto Caesar shalt thou go."

Word Study

"appeal," Greek epikaleomai (ἐπικαλέομαι). The word means to call upon, to invoke, and here to appeal to a higher court. "I appeal unto Caesar." A Roman citizen had the right to appeal his case from a provincial court to the emperor himself, and by invoking this right Paul removed his case from the reach of the plotting Jews and the compromising Festus. It was a lawful and wise act, not a failure of faith; God had promised Paul would testify at Rome, and this appeal was the very means by which the promise would be kept. The same verb is used for calling on the name of the Lord in salvation, "whosoever shall call (epikaleomai) upon the name of the Lord shall be saved." Just as the sinner appeals to the highest court of heaven by calling on the Lord, so Paul appealed to the highest court of Rome; and God used that appeal to bring His servant, and the gospel, to the heart of the empire.

Explanation

Festus, the new governor, is pressed by the Jewish leaders to send Paul back to Jerusalem -- where an ambush waits -- but Paul, sensing the danger and denied justice, exercises his ultimate right as a Roman citizen: "I appeal unto Caesar." With that word his case is bound for Rome, exactly as the Lord had promised (23:11). Paul does not passively await events; he uses every lawful means, and God works through Roman legal machinery to fulfill His purpose. The appeal that seems merely a prisoner's tactic is the hand of Providence carrying the gospel to the empire's heart.

Gospel Focus

The new governor Festus arrives, and the Jewish leaders waste no time renewing their vendetta, begging him to bring Paul to Jerusalem, secretly plotting again to ambush and kill him on the road. Two years have passed, but their murderous hatred has not cooled. God's providence, however, works through Festus's administrative preference: he keeps Paul at Caesarea and invites the accusers to come there. At the hearing the Jews again "laid many and grievous complaints against Paul, which they could not prove", loud accusations without evidence. Paul answers simply and truthfully: he has offended neither "the law of the Jews," nor "the temple," nor "Caesar." But Festus, "willing to do the Jews a pleasure," proposes that Paul go to Jerusalem for trial, which would have delivered him into the hands of his enemies. Paul, discerning the danger and the injustice, makes his decisive move. He asserts his standing as a Roman citizen before a Roman court: "I stand at Caesar's judgment seat, where I ought to be judged." He declares his readiness to face just punishment if guilty, "if I be an offender... I refuse not to die", but insists that if the charges are baseless, "no man may deliver me unto them." And then the fateful words: "I appeal unto Caesar." By this lawful appeal, Paul lifts his case beyond the reach of the plotting Jews and the compromising governor, straight to the emperor in Rome. Festus, after conferring with his council, replies, "Hast thou appealed unto Caesar? unto Caesar shalt thou go." Here God's promise is being fulfilled through ordinary legal means: the Lord had said, "so must thou bear witness also at Rome," and now, by Paul's own lawful appeal, the road to Rome is opened. Paul's use of his citizenship was not a lapse of faith but faith acting through the means God provided; the servant of Christ may rightly use every lawful protection, trusting that God's purpose stands behind it. The appeal to Caesar, made in the face of plots and injustice, becomes the very instrument by which Paul, and the gospel, will reach the capital of the world.

Festus Lays the Case Before Agrippa

One Jesus, Which Was Dead, Whom Paul Affirmed to Be Alive (Acts 25:13-27)

Festus reduces the whole matter to the resurrection of Jesus, and arranges a hearing before King Agrippa.

Acts 25:13-27

Whom Paul Affirmed to Be Alive

"And after certain days king Agrippa and Bernice came unto Caesarea to salute Festus. And when they had been there many days, Festus declared Paul's cause unto the king, saying, There is a certain man left in bonds by Felix: About whom, when I was at Jerusalem, the chief priests and the elders of the Jews informed me, desiring to have judgment against him. To whom I answered, It is not the manner of the Romans to deliver any man to die, before that he which is accused have the accusers face to face, and have licence to answer for himself concerning the crime laid against him. Therefore, when they were come hither, without any delay on the morrow I sat on the judgment seat, and commanded the man to be brought forth. Against whom when the accusers stood up, they brought none accusation of such things as I supposed: But had certain questions against him of their own superstition, and of one Jesus, which was dead, whom Paul affirmed to be alive. And because I doubted of such manner of questions, I asked him whether he would go to Jerusalem, and there be judged of these matters. But when Paul had appealed to be reserved unto the hearing of Augustus, I commanded him to be kept till I might send him to Caesar. Then Agrippa said unto Festus, I would also hear the man myself. To morrow, said he, thou shalt hear him. And on the morrow, when Agrippa was come, and Bernice, with great pomp, and was entered into the place of hearing, with the chief captains, and principal men of the city, at Festus' commandment Paul was brought forth. And Festus said, King Agrippa, and all men which are here present with us, ye see this man, about whom all the multitude of the Jews have dealt with me, both at Jerusalem, and also here, crying that he ought not to live any longer. But when I found that he had committed nothing worthy of death, and that he himself hath appealed to Augustus, I have determined to send him. Of whom I have no certain thing to write unto my lord. Wherefore I have brought him forth before you, and specially before thee, O king Agrippa, that, after examination had, I might have somewhat to write. For it seemeth to me unreasonable to send a prisoner, and not withal to signify the crimes laid against him."

Word Study

"alive," Greek zao (ζάω). The word means to live, to be alive. Festus, baffled, sums up the entire dispute in a single, unwittingly profound sentence: the Jews had "certain questions against him of their own superstition, and of one Jesus, which was dead, whom Paul affirmed to be alive." To the Roman governor it was a trivial religious quibble about a dead man; but he had, without knowing it, named the very heart of the gospel and the true issue at stake. The whole conflict came down to this: Jesus was dead, and Paul affirmed Him to be alive. If Jesus is risen, He is Lord and Saviour, and the gospel is true; if He is still dead, all is vain. Paul staked everything on the risen Christ, "affirmed to be alive," for the resurrection of Jesus is the fact that changes the world and the foundation of the faith. What Festus dismissed as superstition is the most important truth in the universe: Jesus, who was dead, is alive forevermore.

Explanation

King Agrippa and Bernice visit, and Festus lays Paul's puzzling case before them: the charges concern "one Jesus, which was dead, whom Paul affirmed to be alive." A Roman governor cannot grasp why this matters, yet unwittingly he states the crux of Christianity -- a crucified man affirmed to be living. Festus admits he has "no certain thing" to write to Caesar and hopes Agrippa can help frame a charge. The spectacle of kings and governors gathering to examine a chained preacher fulfills the word that Paul would bear the name "before... kings" (9:15). The resurrection of Jesus stands at the center of the empire's attention.

Gospel Focus

King Agrippa (Herod Agrippa II) and his sister Bernice come to greet the new governor, and Festus, glad of expert help with a puzzling case, lays Paul's cause before the king. His account is revealing. He explains that the Jews sought judgment against Paul, but that Roman justice requires the accused to face his accusers and answer for himself, an admission that Paul had been denied nothing that was his due. He confesses that when the accusers spoke, "they brought none accusation of such things as I supposed", no crime, no sedition, nothing Rome would punish. Instead the whole dispute was, in his words, "certain questions... of their own superstition, and of one Jesus, which was dead, whom Paul affirmed to be alive." Here the pagan governor, meaning to dismiss the matter as a religious triviality, states the exact heart of the gospel: the resurrection of Jesus. The entire controversy came down to whether Jesus, who died, is now alive, and Paul staunchly affirmed that He is. Festus could not understand it, but he had named the one truth on which everything turns. He then relates Paul's appeal to Caesar (Augustus), which obligated him to send Paul to Rome. But Festus faces an embarrassing problem: he must send a prisoner to the emperor with "no certain thing to write" against him, for he found "nothing worthy of death" in Paul. This is the repeated verdict of Rome, from the captain Lysias to Felix to Festus, echoing Pilate's verdict on Christ: the servant, like his Master, is innocent, and his accusers have no case. So Festus arranges a grand hearing before Agrippa and the assembled dignitaries, that the king might help him formulate charges, admitting it would be "unreasonable to send a prisoner, and not withal to signify the crimes." The pomp of the occasion, the king, Bernice, chief captains, and principal men, sets the stage for Paul's greatest recorded defense in the next chapter, and shows how God was giving Paul a platform before the highest circles of power, exactly as the Lord had said he would bear witness before "kings." The section magnifies both the innocence of God's servant, confessed again by Rome, and the centrality of the resurrection, named even by an uncomprehending governor. The whole matter, and the whole gospel, comes down to one Jesus, who was dead, and whom Paul affirmed, and we affirm, to be alive.

Chapter 25 in Review

Acts 25 advances Paul's case toward Rome. Under the new governor Festus, the Jews renew their unproven charges and plot again to ambush Paul, but he is kept at Caesarea. When Festus, to please the Jews, proposes a trial at Jerusalem, Paul exercises his right as a Roman citizen: "I appeal unto Caesar," and Festus replies, "unto Caesar shalt thou go." Then King Agrippa arrives, and Festus lays the case before him, reducing it to "certain questions... of one Jesus, which was dead, whom Paul affirmed to be alive," and confessing he has found "nothing worthy of death" in Paul and has "no certain thing to write" against him. Agrippa desires to hear Paul, and a grand hearing is arranged.

For the Apostolic reader this chapter displays the providence of God and the heart of the gospel. God's promise, "so must thou bear witness also at Rome," advances through ordinary legal means: Paul's lawful appeal to Caesar, made in the face of plots and a compromising judge, becomes the very instrument that carries him and the gospel to the capital of the world. The believer may rightly use every lawful protection, for faith acts through the means God provides, trusting His purpose behind them. The chapter also repeats the verdict of innocence, from Lysias to Felix to Festus, Rome again and again finds no crime in God's servant, as Pilate found none in Christ; the faithful, like their Master, suffer not for wrongdoing but for the name. And at its center stands the great truth the pagan governor named without understanding: the whole matter comes down to "one Jesus, which was dead, whom Paul affirmed to be alive." What Festus dismissed as superstition is the fact on which everything turns, the resurrection of Jesus, the foundation of the faith and the hope of the world. Paul staked his life on the risen Christ, and so must we. So trust God's providence to fulfill His purpose through lawful means, expect the world's verdict of innocence to be no shield against its hatred, and hold fast the one truth that changes everything: Jesus, who was dead, is alive forevermore.

Key Takeaways
  • The Jews' charges could not be proved; the accusations were baseless (25:7).
  • Paul lawfully appeals to Caesar, and God uses it to bring him to Rome (25:11-12).
  • The believer may rightly use lawful means, trusting God's purpose (25:11).
  • Rome repeatedly finds "nothing worthy of death" in God's servant (25:25).
  • The whole matter comes down to Jesus, "whom Paul affirmed to be alive" (25:19).
  • God gives Paul a platform before kings and rulers, as promised (25:23).

Questions for Reflection

  • Do you trust God's providence to work His purpose through ordinary means?
  • Do you use lawful protections wisely while resting in God's plan?
  • Does the world's verdict of your innocence surprise you when hatred still follows?
  • Have you staked your life, as Paul did, on the risen Christ who is alive?

References & Sources

Scripture is quoted from the King James Version (KJV). Supporting passages are listed so every claim can be verified in its own setting. God's providence fulfilling His promise: Acts 23:11; 27:24; Romans 8:28. Lawful use of rights and appeal: Acts 16:37; 22:25; Romans 13:1-4. The repeated verdict of innocence: Luke 23:4, 14-15; Acts 23:29; 26:31. Witnessing before kings: Matthew 10:18; Acts 9:15; Psalm 119:46. The centrality of the resurrection: 1 Corinthians 15:3-8, 14-20; Acts 17:31; Romans 1:4. Jesus alive forevermore: Revelation 1:18; Romans 6:9; Hebrews 7:25. If anything here does not look right, a verse, a reference, or a wording, please tell us at info@FruitBearers.net. Thank you for helping us keep Bible Learning error free.

  1. Paul before Festus and the appeal to Caesar: Acts 25:1-12; Acts 23:11; Romans 8:28.
  2. Festus lays the case before Agrippa: Acts 25:13-27; 1 Corinthians 15:3-20; Revelation 1:18.
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