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Verse-by-Verse Commentary

The Book of 1 Samuel

Chapter 20: The LORD Be Between Thee and Me For Ever

With his life hanging by 'but a step,' David turns to his covenant friend. Jonathan, knowing David will have the throne that should be his own, binds himself all the more in love and swears a covenant for all generations. When Saul's rage at the feast confirms the danger, the two friends part in tears, held together by the LORD who stands between them for ever.

About This Commentary

This is a verse-by-verse study of 1 Samuel chapter 20. For each section you will find the KJV text, the Hebrew words that sharpen the meaning, plain explanation, and a Gospel Focus. Chapter 20 is the deepest portrait of the covenant friendship of David and Jonathan. Every Scripture quotation is from the King James Version.

But a Step from Death

David Turns to Jonathan (1 Samuel 20:1-11)

David, in mortal danger, appeals to Jonathan, who pledges to do whatever his friend asks and to test Saul's true intent.

1 Samuel 20:1-11

There Is But a Step Between Me and Death

"And David fled from Naioth in Ramah, and came and said before Jonathan, What have I done? what is mine iniquity? and what is my sin before thy father, that he seeketh my life? And he said unto him, God forbid; thou shalt not die: behold, my father will do nothing either great or small, but that he will shew it me: and why should my father hide this thing from me? it is not so. And David sware moreover, and said, Thy father certainly knoweth that I have found grace in thine eyes; and he saith, Let not Jonathan know this, lest he be grieved: but truly as the LORD liveth, and as thy soul liveth, there is but a step between me and death. Then said Jonathan unto David, Whatsoever thy soul desireth, I will even do it for thee. And David said unto Jonathan, Behold, to morrow is the new moon, and I should not fail to sit with the king at meat: but let me go, that I may hide myself in the field unto the third day at even. If thy father at all miss me, then say, David earnestly asked leave of me that he might run to Bethlehem his city: for there is a yearly sacrifice there for all the family. If he say thus, It is well; thy servant shall have peace: but if he be very wroth, then be sure that evil is determined by him. Therefore thou shalt deal kindly with thy servant; for thou hast brought thy servant into a covenant of the LORD with thee: notwithstanding, if there be in me iniquity, slay me thyself; for why shouldest thou bring me to thy father? And Jonathan said, Far be it from thee: for if I knew certainly that evil were determined by my father to come upon thee, then would not I tell it thee? Then said David to Jonathan, Who shall tell me? or what if thy father answer thee roughly? And Jonathan said unto David, Come, and let us go out into the field. And they went out both of them into the field."

Word Study

"but a step between me and death," a proverb of extreme peril. David describes his situation with unforgettable vividness: "there is but a step between me and death." He lived every day on the razor's edge, the javelin, the assassins, the manhunt, always one step from the grave. Yet this is, in truth, the condition of every mortal, though few feel it as David did: "boast not thyself of to morrow; for thou knowest not what a day may bring forth" (Proverbs 27:1); "what is your life? It is even a vapour" (James 4:14). David's danger simply made visible what is always true, that life hangs by a thread in God's hand. Such awareness is not morbid but wise; it drove David to God and to covenant faithfulness. To live conscious that we are "but a step" from eternity is to live rightly, holding this world loosely and clinging to the God in whose hand our breath is (Daniel 5:23). The nearness of death, rightly felt, is a spur to faith.

Explanation

David, having escaped Naioth, comes to Jonathan in anguish: "What have I done?... that he seeketh my life?" He protests his innocence, as indeed he was guiltless. Jonathan, still hoping the best of his father, cannot believe Saul would hide such a plan from him. But David knows better, "there is but a step between me and death", and proposes a test: he will absent himself from the new moon feast, and Saul's reaction will reveal his heart. He appeals to their "covenant of the LORD," even offering, "if there be in me iniquity, slay me thyself." Jonathan pledges wholehearted loyalty, "Whatsoever thy soul desireth, I will even do it for thee", and the two go out to the field to make their plan. In the deepest danger, David leans on covenant friendship.

Gospel Focus

"There is but a step between me and death." To live in the felt reality of that truth is the beginning of wisdom. We are frailer and nearer eternity than we think, and the one who knows it will not waste life on trifles but will seek God and treasure the bonds of covenant love. And notice where David turned in his peril: to a faithful friend bound to him in "a covenant of the LORD." God gives us one another for such times, brothers and sisters covenanted together in Christ, to bear one another's burdens. But above every earthly friend, David's extremity points us to the Friend who "sticketh closer than a brother" (Proverbs 18:24), the Lord Jesus, who is with us in the step between us and death and beyond it. Live ready; cling to Christ and to His people.

The Kindness of the LORD

A Covenant For Ever (1 Samuel 20:12-23)

Jonathan binds himself and his house to David in a covenant of everlasting kindness, knowing David will one day be king.

1 Samuel 20:12-23

The Kindness of the LORD

"And Jonathan said unto David, O LORD God of Israel, when I have sounded my father about to morrow any time, or the third day, and, behold, if there be good toward David, and I then send not unto thee, and shew it thee; The LORD do so and much more to Jonathan: but if it please my father to do thee evil, then I will shew it thee, and send thee away, that thou mayest go in peace: and the LORD be with thee, as he hath been with my father. And thou shalt not only while yet I live shew me the kindness of the LORD, that I die not: But also thou shalt not cut off thy kindness from my house for ever: no, not when the LORD hath cut off the enemies of David every one from the face of the earth. So Jonathan made a covenant with the house of David, saying, Let the LORD even require it at the hand of David's enemies. And Jonathan caused David to swear again, because he loved him: for he loved him as he loved his own soul. Then Jonathan said to David, To morrow is the new moon: and thou shalt be missed, because thy seat will be empty. And when thou hast stayed three days, then thou shalt go down quickly, and come to the place where thou didst hide thyself when the business was in hand, and shalt remain by the stone Ezel. And I will shoot three arrows on the side thereof, as though I shot at a mark. And, behold, I will send a lad, saying, Go, find out the arrows. If I expressly say unto the lad, Behold, the arrows are on this side of thee, take them; then come thou: for there is peace to thee, and no hurt; as the LORD liveth. But if I say thus unto the young man, Behold, the arrows are beyond thee; go thy way: for the LORD hath sent thee away. And as touching the matter which thou and I have spoken of, behold, the LORD be between thee and me for ever."

Word Study

"kindness," Hebrew chesed (חֶסֶד), "covenant love, loyal steadfast kindness, mercy." Jonathan asks David to show him "the kindness of the LORD (chesed)", not ordinary kindness, but the faithful, loyal, covenant love that mirrors God's own chesed. This is one of the richest words in the Old Testament, the steadfast, loyal love by which God keeps covenant with His people: "his mercy (chesed) endureth for ever" (Psalm 136). What makes Jonathan's request so moving is that he already knows David will be king, "when the LORD hath cut off the enemies of David", and that this means Jonathan himself will never inherit the throne. Yet instead of resenting it, he binds his house to David's in covenant love, asking only that David show chesed to his descendants. (David beautifully keeps this covenant with Jonathan's crippled son Mephibosheth in 2 Samuel 9.) Covenant love that seeks the other's good even at cost to oneself is the very love of God, and the love to which the gospel calls us: "be kindly affectioned one to another" (Romans 12:10).

Explanation

Jonathan solemnly commits himself: he will discover Saul's intent and faithfully report it, praying "the LORD be with thee, as he hath been with my father." Then comes the remarkable part: Jonathan asks David to show "the kindness of the LORD" not only to him but to his house "for ever", openly acknowledging that David will be king and that the LORD will cut off David's enemies. Jonathan, the rightful heir, freely yields the throne to David and asks only covenant protection for his descendants. He "made a covenant with the house of David" and had David swear again, "because he loved him as he loved his own soul." Then they arrange the sign of the arrows to signal Saul's decision safely. The section closes with the covenant's heart: "the LORD be between thee and me for ever."

Gospel Focus

Jonathan's covenant love is one of Scripture's finest human pictures of grace. He loved David enough to give up his own crown, seeking David's good above his own advancement, "he must increase, but I must decrease" (John 3:30) in the spirit of it. Such love, that lays down its own rights and binds itself to the other's welfare "for ever," reflects the covenant chesed of God, who bound Himself to us in a covenant of everlasting love sealed in Christ's blood. And "the LORD be between thee and me for ever" is the true foundation of every godly friendship: not merely affection, but the LORD Himself standing between, binding hearts in a bond that outlasts life. Build your friendships on that foundation, and love with the self-giving chesed that seeks another's good even at cost to yourself.

Rage and Tears

The Feast, the Arrows, the Parting (1 Samuel 20:24-42)

Saul's fury at the feast confirms his murderous intent, the arrows give the signal, and the two friends part in weeping.

1 Samuel 20:24-42

They Kissed One Another, and Wept

"So David hid himself in the field: and when the new moon was come, the king sat him down to eat meat. And the king sat upon his seat, as at other times, even upon a seat by the wall: and Jonathan arose, and Abner sat by Saul's side, and David's place was empty. Nevertheless Saul spake not any thing that day: for he thought, Something hath befallen him, he is not clean; surely he is not clean. And it came to pass on the morrow, which was the second day of the month, that David's place was empty: and Saul said unto Jonathan his son, Wherefore cometh not the son of Jesse to meat, neither yesterday, nor to day? And Jonathan answered Saul, David earnestly asked leave of me to go to Bethlehem: And he said, Let me go, I pray thee; for our family hath a sacrifice in the city; and my brother, he hath commanded me to be there: and now, if I have found favour in thine eyes, let me get away, I pray thee, and see my brethren. Therefore he cometh not unto the king's table. Then Saul's anger was kindled against Jonathan, and he said unto him, Thou son of the perverse rebellious woman, do not I know that thou hast chosen the son of Jesse to thine own confusion, and unto the confusion of thy mother's nakedness? For as long as the son of Jesse liveth upon the ground, thou shalt not be established, nor thy kingdom. Wherefore now send and fetch him unto me, for he shall surely die. And Jonathan answered Saul his father, and said unto him, Wherefore shall he be slain? what hath he done? And Saul cast a javelin at him to smite him: whereby Jonathan knew that it was determined of his father to slay David. So Jonathan arose from the table in fierce anger, and did eat no meat the second day of the month: for he was grieved for David, because his father had done him shame. And it came to pass in the morning, that Jonathan went out into the field at the time appointed with David, and a little lad with him. And he said unto his lad, Run, find out now the arrows which I shoot. And as the lad ran, he shot an arrow beyond him. And when the lad was come to the place of the arrow which Jonathan had shot, Jonathan cried after the lad, and said, Is not the arrow beyond thee? And Jonathan cried after the lad, Make speed, haste, stay not. And Jonathan's lad gathered up the arrows, and came to his master. But the lad knew not any thing: only Jonathan and David knew the matter. And Jonathan gave his artillery unto his lad, and said unto him, Go, carry them to the city. And as soon as the lad was gone, David arose out of a place toward the south, and fell on his face to the ground, and bowed himself three times: and they kissed one another, and wept one with another, until David exceeded. And Jonathan said to David, Go in peace, forasmuch as we have sworn both of us in the name of the LORD, saying, The LORD be between me and thee, and between my seed and thy seed for ever. And he arose and departed: and Jonathan went into the city."

Word Study

"wept one with another," Hebrew bakah (בָּכָה), "to weep." The two friends, forced to part, "kissed one another, and wept one with another, until David exceeded", they wept together, and David most of all. It is a tender, unashamed scene of godly friendship: strong men weeping at a painful parting, bound by covenant love. Scripture does not despise such tears; it honors them. "Weep with them that weep" (Romans 12:15), and the Lord Jesus Himself wept (John 11:35). There is nothing weak or unmanly about tears shed in love; they are the overflow of a heart bound to another. What held these two together was not mere sentiment but the covenant, "we have sworn both of us in the name of the LORD." Their tears flowed within a bond that could not be broken, "the LORD be between me and thee... for ever." The deepest friendships are sealed by God and survive every parting, even death, because the LORD stands between.

Explanation

At the new moon feast David's seat is empty. The first day Saul assumes ceremonial uncleanness, but the second day he demands to know why "the son of Jesse" is absent. Jonathan gives the agreed cover story, and Saul explodes, insulting Jonathan's mother, and revealing the true stakes: "as long as the son of Jesse liveth... thou shalt not be established, nor thy kingdom." Saul knows David will supplant Jonathan and is enraged that his son will not fight for the dynasty. When Jonathan protests David's innocence, "what hath he done?", Saul hurls the javelin at his own son, proving the murderous intent beyond doubt. Grieved and shamed, Jonathan goes out, shoots the arrows "beyond" the lad as the danger-signal, and after the boy leaves, the two friends meet one last time, bow, kiss, and weep. Then they part, David to years of exile, held together only by the covenant of the LORD.

Gospel Focus

The parting of David and Jonathan is one of Scripture's most moving scenes, and it teaches the enduring power of a covenant sealed in the name of the LORD. Though they must part, though years and Saul's hatred will separate them, the bond holds, "the LORD be between me and thee... for ever." So it is with all who are joined in Christ: earthly partings, even death, cannot finally sever those bound together in the LORD, for we are covenanted in the One who is between us for ever. And Jonathan, who loved David more than his own crown and risked his life for him, is a shadow of the greater Friend who "laid down his life for us" (1 John 3:16). Cherish the covenant friendships God gives, weep freely when love requires it, and rest in the truth that the LORD who stands between His people binds them in a bond that outlasts every parting.

Chapter 20 in Review

1 Samuel 20 is the deepest portrait of covenant friendship in Scripture. David, "but a step" from death, turns to Jonathan, who pledges to do whatever his friend asks and to test Saul's intent. Knowing full well that David will have the throne that would have been his own, Jonathan freely binds himself and his house to David in "the kindness of the LORD," a covenant "for ever." At the feast, Saul's rage, insulting his son and hurling a javelin at him, confirms the murderous danger. The arrows give the signal, and the two friends part in tears, held together by the LORD who stands between them for ever.

For the Apostolic reader, the chapter shines with covenant love. David's "step between me and death" reminds us how frail life is and how we must live ready. Jonathan's chesed, giving up his crown and seeking David's good above his own, is a human picture of the self-giving love of God and the Friend who laid down His life for us. And "the LORD be between thee and me for ever" is the foundation of every godly bond, a covenant sealed in the name of the LORD that no parting, not even death, can break.

Key Takeaways
  • "But a step between me and death", live conscious of life's frailty and ready for eternity.
  • Jonathan showed "the kindness of the LORD" (chesed), giving up his own crown for love of David.
  • Covenant friendship is sealed by God, "the LORD be between thee and me for ever."
  • Godly love weeps freely and outlasts every parting, a shadow of the Friend who laid down His life.

Questions for Reflection

  • Do you live in the awareness that you are "but a step" from eternity?
  • Can you, like Jonathan, rejoice in another's advancement even when it costs you, loving with the kindness of the LORD?
  • Are your friendships built on "the LORD between us," a covenant bond that outlasts every parting?

References & Sources

Scripture is quoted from the King James Version (KJV). The Hebrew terms are standard and can be checked in any Hebrew lexicon. Supporting passages are listed so every claim can be verified in its own setting. If anything here does not look right, a verse, a reference, or a wording, please tell us at info@FruitBearers.net. Thank you for helping us keep Bible Learning error free.

  1. But a step from death; the Friend who sticks closer: 1 Samuel 20:1-11; Proverbs 27:1; James 4:14; Daniel 5:23; Proverbs 18:24.
  2. The kindness of the LORD; covenant love: 1 Samuel 20:12-23; Psalm 136; 2 Samuel 9; John 3:30; Romans 12:10.
  3. The parting and the tears; a bond that outlasts all: 1 Samuel 20:24-42; Romans 12:15; John 11:35; 1 John 3:16.
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