Verse-by-Verse Commentary
The Book of 1 Samuel
Chapter 16: The LORD Looketh on the Heart
God sends Samuel to Bethlehem to anoint a new king from among Jesse's sons. One by one the impressive elder brothers pass by, and one by one they are refused, for 'the LORD looketh on the heart.' The chosen one is the youngest, out keeping the sheep, David, on whom the Spirit rushes from that day forward, while the Spirit departs from Saul.
About This Commentary
This is a verse-by-verse study of 1 Samuel chapter 16. For each section you will find the KJV text, the Hebrew words that sharpen the meaning, plain explanation, and a Gospel Focus. Chapter 16 anoints David, the shepherd of Bethlehem, and unveils how God chooses, by the heart. Every Scripture quotation is from the King James Version.
The Anointing of David (1 Samuel 16:1-13)
Samuel goes to Bethlehem, passes over Jesse's impressive sons, and anoints the youngest, the shepherd David, on whom the Spirit rushes.
Man Looketh on the Outward Appearance
"And the LORD said unto Samuel, How long wilt thou mourn for Saul, seeing I have rejected him from reigning over Israel? fill thine horn with oil, and go, I will send thee to Jesse the Bethlehemite: for I have provided me a king among his sons. And Samuel said, How can I go? if Saul hear it, he will kill me. And the LORD said, Take an heifer with thee, and say, I am come to sacrifice to the LORD. And call Jesse to the sacrifice, and I will shew thee what thou shalt do: and thou shalt anoint unto me him whom I name unto thee. And Samuel did that which the LORD spake, and came to Bethlehem. And the elders of the town trembled at his coming, and said, Comest thou peaceably? And he said, Peaceably: I am come to sacrifice unto the LORD: sanctify yourselves, and come with me to the sacrifice. And he sanctified Jesse and his sons, and called them to the sacrifice. And it came to pass, when they were come, that he looked on Eliab, and said, Surely the LORD'S anointed is before him. But the LORD said unto Samuel, Look not on his countenance, or on the height of his stature; because I have refused him: for the LORD seeth not as man seeth; for man looketh on the outward appearance, but the LORD looketh on the heart. Then Jesse called Abinadab, and made him pass before Samuel. And he said, Neither hath the LORD chosen this. Then Jesse made Shammah to pass by. And he said, Neither hath the LORD chosen this. Again, Jesse made seven of his sons to pass before Samuel. And Samuel said unto Jesse, The LORD hath not chosen these. And Samuel said unto Jesse, Are here all thy children? And he said, There remaineth yet the youngest, and, behold, he keepeth the sheep. And Samuel said unto Jesse, Send and fetch him: for we will not sit down till he come hither. And he sent, and brought him in. Now he was ruddy, and withal of a beautiful countenance, and goodly to look to. And the LORD said, Arise, anoint him: for this is he. Then Samuel took the horn of oil, and anointed him in the midst of his brethren: and the Spirit of the LORD came upon David from that day forward. So Samuel rose up, and went to Ramah."
Word Study
"the heart," Hebrew levav (לֵבָב), "heart", the inner person, mind, will, and character. Here is the great verse the whole book has been building toward: "the LORD seeth not as man seeth; for man looketh on the outward appearance, but the LORD looketh on the heart (levav)." Saul was chosen by outward appearance, tall, handsome, kingly to the eye, and he failed. Now God passes over Eliab, whose "countenance" and "height of stature" would have impressed any man, and reaches for the overlooked shepherd boy, because God weighs the heart, not the frame. This is one of Scripture's most searching truths: men judge by the surface, God by the substance. "The LORD pondereth the hearts" (Proverbs 21:2); "I the LORD search the heart" (Jeremiah 17:10). It is a warning against valuing the impressive, and a comfort to the overlooked, for the God who sees the heart is not fooled by appearances and is not deterred by our lowliness. What matters before God is not how we look, but what we are within.
Explanation
God rouses the grieving Samuel to action: fill your horn with oil and go anoint a new king from Jesse's sons in Bethlehem. Samuel fears Saul, so God provides a sacrifice as the occasion. At Bethlehem, Samuel sees the eldest, Eliab, tall and impressive, and assumes, "Surely the LORD'S anointed is before him." But God corrects him with the chapter's great lesson: He looks on the heart, not the outward appearance. Seven sons pass by; none is chosen. Only when Samuel asks are there more does Jesse mention "the youngest," so overlooked he was not even called from the sheep. David is fetched, and God says, "Arise, anoint him: for this is he." Samuel anoints him among his brethren, "and the Spirit of the LORD came upon David from that day forward." The shepherd boy is God's chosen king.
Gospel Focus
David, the overlooked youngest, the shepherd of Bethlehem, anointed with oil and filled with the Spirit, is one of Scripture's clearest foreshadowings of Christ. Jesus too was "the Son of David," born in Bethlehem, the Good Shepherd, the Anointed One (Messiah), on whom the Spirit descended and remained. And Jesus too was despised and overlooked, "he hath no form nor comeliness... there is no beauty that we should desire him" (Isaiah 53:2), chosen by God though rejected by men. The God who "looketh on the heart" still chooses "base things of the world, and things which are despised" (1 Corinthians 1:28), so that no flesh may glory. If you feel overlooked, the youngest, the least, out with the sheep while others are feasted, take heart: God sees the heart, and He delights to anoint the lowly. What man overlooks, God often chooses.
The Spirit Departs from Saul (1 Samuel 16:14-23)
As the Spirit rests on David, it departs from Saul, and an evil spirit torments him, until David is brought to soothe him with the harp.
The Spirit of the LORD Departed from Saul
"But the Spirit of the LORD departed from Saul, and an evil spirit from the LORD troubled him. And Saul's servants said unto him, Behold now, an evil spirit from God troubleth thee. Let our lord now command thy servants, which are before thee, to seek out a man, who is a cunning player on an harp: and it shall come to pass, when the evil spirit from God is upon thee, that he shall play with his hand, and thou shalt be well. And Saul said unto his servants, Provide me now a man that can play well, and bring him to me. Then answered one of the servants, and said, Behold, I have seen a son of Jesse the Bethlehemite, that is cunning in playing, and a mighty valiant man, and a man of war, and prudent in matters, and a comely person, and the LORD is with him. Wherefore Saul sent messengers unto Jesse, and said, Send me David thy son, which is with the sheep. And Jesse took an ass laden with bread, and a bottle of wine, and a kid, and sent them by David his son unto Saul. And David came to Saul, and stood before him: and he loved him greatly; and he became his armourbearer. And Saul sent to Jesse, saying, Let David, I pray thee, stand before me; for he hath found favour in my sight. And it came to pass, when the evil spirit from God was upon Saul, that David took an harp, and played with his hand: so Saul was refreshed, and was well, and the evil spirit departed from him."
Word Study
"the Spirit of the LORD departed from Saul," Hebrew sarah (סָרָה), "turned aside, departed." The most sobering line: "the Spirit of the LORD departed from Saul, and an evil spirit from the LORD troubled him." The same Spirit that had rushed upon Saul at his anointing now withdraws, and, in God's sovereign judgment, a "spirit of calamity/distress" is permitted to torment him. This does not mean God authors evil; it means that when a man persistently rejects God, God may give him over, withdrawing His Spirit's blessing and allowing the darkness he has chosen. It is the very thing David, learning from Saul's fall, later begged to avoid: "take not thy holy spirit from me" (Psalm 51:11). There is no more fearful judgment than the silent departure of God's Spirit. And it stands in pointed contrast to the New Covenant promise to the believer: the Spirit given that "he may abide with you for ever" (John 14:16). Saul's tragedy warns us never to grieve the Spirit away; the believer's comfort is the Spirit who will never leave.
Explanation
The two destinies now diverge visibly. As the Spirit comes on David, it departs from Saul, and an evil spirit torments him. His servants suggest music therapy and recommend a skilled harpist, and, providentially, the man they name is David, described as skilled, brave, prudent, comely, "and the LORD is with him." So David is brought into the royal court, the future king serving the rejected one. Saul "loved him greatly" and made him his armourbearer, unaware that this soothing shepherd-musician was his God-appointed successor. When the evil spirit came, "David took an harp, and played... so Saul was refreshed... and the evil spirit departed." God is weaving David into the story quietly, through a harp and a servant's role, long before the throne.
Gospel Focus
The contrast of the two spirits is stark and instructive: the Spirit resting on David, the Spirit departed from Saul. It shows that the presence of God's Spirit is everything, His absence, the deepest loss. Saul's torment under an evil spirit, and his temporary relief through David's harp, hints at a deeper truth: only the Spirit-anointed one can drive out the darkness. David's music quieted the demon for a time; the greater Son of David casts out evil spirits with a word and gives lasting peace, for "the Spirit of the Lord is upon me... to set at liberty them that are bruised" (Luke 4:18). And see God's quiet providence: through a tormented king, a servant's recommendation, and a shepherd's harp, God brings His chosen one into the palace. He is always working, often unseen, to bring His purposes, and His Anointed, to their place. Cherish the presence of the Spirit above all, and let the true Son of David bring you His peace.
Chapter 16 in Review
1 Samuel 16 anoints the man after God's heart. Samuel goes to Bethlehem, and one by one Jesse's impressive sons are passed over, for "the LORD seeth not as man seeth... man looketh on the outward appearance, but the LORD looketh on the heart." The chosen one is the overlooked youngest, the shepherd David, on whom "the Spirit of the LORD came... from that day forward." Meanwhile the Spirit departs from Saul, and an evil spirit torments him, until David is providentially brought to court to soothe him with the harp, the future king serving the rejected one.
For the Apostolic reader, this chapter is rich with Christ. David, the overlooked shepherd of Bethlehem, anointed and Spirit-filled, foreshadows Jesus, the Son of David, the Good Shepherd, the Anointed One despised by men but chosen by God. Its great lesson, "the LORD looketh on the heart", both warns against prizing the outward and comforts the overlooked. And the departing Spirit of Saul against the abiding Spirit on David presses on us the supreme value of God's presence, cherished in the New Covenant Spirit who abides forever.
- "The LORD looketh on the heart", God weighs the substance, not the impressive surface.
- God chose the overlooked shepherd of Bethlehem; He delights to anoint the lowly.
- David, anointed and Spirit-filled shepherd of Bethlehem, foreshadows Christ the Son of David.
- The Spirit departed from Saul but rested on David; cherish God's presence above all.
Questions for Reflection
- Do you judge yourself and others by "outward appearance," or by the heart the LORD sees?
- If you feel overlooked, can you trust the God who chose the youngest shepherd?
- Saul lost the Spirit; David kept Him. What are you doing to cherish and not grieve God's presence?
References & Sources
Scripture is quoted from the King James Version (KJV). The Hebrew terms are standard and can be checked in any Hebrew lexicon. Supporting passages are listed so every claim can be verified in its own setting. If anything here does not look right, a verse, a reference, or a wording, please tell us at info@FruitBearers.net. Thank you for helping us keep Bible Learning error free.
- The LORD looks on the heart; the chosen shepherd foreshadowing Christ: 1 Samuel 16:1-13; Proverbs 21:2; Jeremiah 17:10; Isaiah 53:2; 1 Corinthians 1:28.
- The Spirit departs from Saul; the abiding Spirit and the greater Anointed: 1 Samuel 16:14-23; Psalm 51:11; John 14:16; Luke 4:18.