Verse-by-Verse Commentary
The Book of 1 Samuel
Chapter 14: No Restraint to the LORD to Save
While Saul sits passive under a pomegranate tree, his son Jonathan climbs a cliff toward the enemy with one armourbearer and a great faith: 'there is no restraint to the LORD to save by many or by few.' God sends a trembling on the whole Philistine host, and Israel is delivered, only for Saul's rash oath to trouble the land and nearly cost Jonathan his life.
About This Commentary
This is a verse-by-verse study of 1 Samuel chapter 14. For each section you will find the KJV text, the Hebrew words that sharpen the meaning, plain explanation, and a Gospel Focus. Chapter 14 sets Jonathan's bold faith against Saul's passivity and rashness, a study in contrasts. Every Scripture quotation is from the King James Version.
Jonathan's Bold Faith (1 Samuel 14:1-15)
Jonathan and his armourbearer climb toward the Philistine garrison, trusting that God can save with a handful, and God sends a great trembling on the enemy.
There Is No Restraint to the LORD
"Now it came to pass upon a day, that Jonathan the son of Saul said unto the young man that bare his armour, Come, and let us go over to the Philistines' garrison, that is on the other side. But he told not his father. And Saul tarried in the uttermost part of Gibeah under a pomegranate tree which is in Migron: and the people that were with him were about six hundred men; And Ahiah, the son of Ahitub, Ichabod's brother, the son of Phinehas, the son of Eli, the LORD'S priest in Shiloh, wearing an ephod. And the people knew not that Jonathan was gone. And between the passages, by which Jonathan sought to go over unto the Philistines' garrison, there was a sharp rock on the one side, and a sharp rock on the other side: and the name of the one was Bozez, and the name of the other Seneh. The forefront of the one was situate northward over against Michmash, and the other southward over against Gibeah. And Jonathan said to the young man that bare his armour, Come, and let us go over unto the garrison of these uncircumcised: it may be that the LORD will work for us: for there is no restraint to the LORD to save by many or by few. And his armourbearer said unto him, Do all that is in thine heart: turn thee; behold, I am with thee according to thy heart. Then said Jonathan, Behold, we will pass over unto these men, and we will discover ourselves unto them. If they say thus unto us, Tarry until we come to you; then we will stand still in our place, and will not go up unto them. But if they say thus, Come up unto us; then we will go up: for the LORD hath delivered them into our hand: and this shall be a sign unto us. And both of them discovered themselves unto the garrison of the Philistines: and the Philistines said, Behold, the Hebrews come forth out of the holes where they had hid themselves. And the men of the garrison answered Jonathan and his armourbearer, and said, Come up to us, and we will shew you a thing. And Jonathan said unto his armourbearer, Come up after me: for the LORD hath delivered them into the hand of Israel. And Jonathan climbed up upon his hands and upon his feet, and his armourbearer after him: and they fell before Jonathan; and his armourbearer slew after him. And that first slaughter, which Jonathan and his armourbearer made, was about twenty men, within as it were an half acre of land, which a yoke of oxen might plow. And there was trembling in the host, in the field, and among all the people: the garrison, and the spoilers, they also trembled, and the earth quaked: so it was a very great trembling."
Word Study
"no restraint," Hebrew en maatsor (אֵין מַעְצוֹר), "there is no hindrance, restraint, or obstacle." Jonathan's confession is one of the great faith-statements of the Old Testament: "there is no restraint to the LORD to save by many or by few." Nothing can hinder God, not the size of the enemy, not the smallness of His servants, not the sharp cliffs of Bozez and Seneh. God is not limited by numbers or means. Gideon's three hundred proved it; Jonathan and one armourbearer prove it again. The same truth undergirds all of salvation: "with God nothing shall be impossible" (Luke 1:37), and "is any thing too hard for the LORD?" (Genesis 18:14). Notice Jonathan's humble boldness, "it may be that the LORD will work for us." He does not presume to command God, but he acts in confident faith that God can. This is the balance of true faith: certain that God is able and willing to save, yet submissive to His will. When His people believe there is "no restraint," God moves.
Explanation
The contrast opens the chapter: Saul sits passively "under a pomegranate tree" with his six hundred fearful men, while his son Jonathan quietly slips away with only his armourbearer to challenge a Philistine garrison. Between them lie two sharp crags, Bozez and Seneh, a daunting climb. But Jonathan's heart is full of faith: "there is no restraint to the LORD to save by many or by few." His armourbearer is wholly with him, "I am with thee according to thy heart." They devise a sign: if the Philistines say "come up," it is God's go-ahead. The Philistines mock them up, and Jonathan climbs the cliff on hands and knees, striking down about twenty men in a tiny space. Then God acts: a supernatural "trembling" seizes the whole enemy host, and "the earth quaked." Two men of faith, and God does the rest.
Gospel Focus
Jonathan is everything Saul was ceasing to be: bold, believing, God-centered. Where Saul had "forced himself" into disobedience out of fear, Jonathan risks his life on the conviction that "there is no restraint to the LORD to save by many or by few." This is faith that dares to act, not presumption, but confidence in God's power and submission to His will ("it may be that the LORD will work"). The kingdom of God has always advanced through such faith, "the people that do know their God shall be strong, and do exploits" (Daniel 11:32). And Jonathan did not go alone; his armourbearer's "I am with thee according to thy heart" is a picture of wholehearted partnership in God's work. Do not wait, like Saul, under the pomegranate tree of fear. Believe that nothing can restrain the LORD, and step out; God delights to save through the few who trust Him.
The Rout of the Philistines (1 Samuel 14:16-23)
The enemy host melts into confusion and self-slaughter, hiding Israelites rejoin the fight, and the LORD grants a great deliverance.
So the LORD Saved Israel That Day
"And the watchmen of Saul in Gibeah of Benjamin looked; and, behold, the multitude melted away, and they went on beating down one another. Then said Saul unto the people that were with him, Number now, and see who is gone from us. And when they had numbered, behold, Jonathan and his armourbearer were not there. And Saul said unto Ahiah, Bring hither the ark of God. For the ark of God was at that time with the children of Israel. And it came to pass, while Saul talked unto the priest, that the noise that was in the host of the Philistines went on and increased: and Saul said unto the priest, Withdraw thine hand. And Saul and all the people that were with him assembled themselves, and they came to the battle: and, behold, every man's sword was against his fellow, and there was a very great discomfiture. Moreover the Hebrews that were with the Philistines before that time, which went up with them into the camp from the country round about, even they also turned to be with the Israelites that were with Saul and Jonathan. Likewise all the men of Israel which had hid themselves in mount Ephraim, when they heard that the Philistines fled, even they also followed hard after them in the battle. So the LORD saved Israel that day: and the battle passed over unto Bethaven."
Word Study
"every man's sword was against his fellow," the enemy's self-destruction. When God routs the Philistines, "every man's sword was against his fellow", the panicked army turns on itself, and there is "a very great discomfiture." God did not even need Israel's swords (of which there were almost none, chapter 13); He simply turned the enemy against himself. This is a recurring wonder of holy war: at Gideon's trumpets "the LORD set every man's sword against his fellow" (Judges 7:22), and Jehoshaphat watched the enemy armies destroy one another (2 Chronicles 20:23). God can undo His enemies by their own hands. The kingdom of darkness is ultimately self-devouring; "if Satan cast out Satan, he is divided against himself" (Matthew 12:26). When God fights for His people, the very strength of the foe becomes the instrument of his ruin, and the watching Israelites, once hiding in caves, come out to share a victory God had already won.
Explanation
Saul's watchmen see the Philistine host "melt away" in confusion. Saul, discovering Jonathan is gone, starts to consult God through the priest and the ark, but as the tumult grows he impatiently cuts it off, "Withdraw thine hand", and rushes into battle. The panic is total: the Philistines kill one another, and two groups swell Israel's ranks, Hebrew conscripts who had been serving the Philistines defect back, and the men who had hidden in the hills come out to pursue. The tide has completely turned. The narrator sums it up simply and gloriously: "So the LORD saved Israel that day." Jonathan's faith was the spark, but the salvation was God's. What began with two men on a cliff became a national deliverance, because the LORD was in it.
Gospel Focus
"So the LORD saved Israel that day." However great Jonathan's courage, the victory is credited to God, and that is always the right accounting. God used a man's faith, but the deliverance was His. And notice how the timid rejoin the battle once the LORD is evidently winning, those who hid in caves now "followed hard after them." A real move of God draws in the fearful and the sidelined; when the LORD is manifestly saving, courage spreads. Salvation is entirely God's work, "Salvation is of the LORD" (Jonah 2:9), yet He is pleased to work through the faith of His people and to sweep in even the weak to share the triumph. Do not despise the day when God begins to move through one bold believer; it can become the salvation of many.
Saul Troubles the Land (1 Samuel 14:24-46)
Saul's foolish curse on eating exhausts his army, ensnares Jonathan, and nearly costs the hero of the day his life.
My Father Hath Troubled the Land
"And the men of Israel were distressed that day: for Saul had adjured the people, saying, Cursed be the man that eateth any food until evening, that I may be avenged on mine enemies. So none of the people tasted any food. And all they of the land came to a wood; and there was honey upon the ground. And when the people were come into the wood, behold, the honey dropped; but no man put his hand to his mouth: for the people feared the oath. But Jonathan heard not when his father charged the people with the oath: wherefore he put forth the end of the rod that was in his hand, and dipped it in an honeycomb, and put his hand to his mouth; and his eyes were enlightened. Then answered one of the people, and said, Thy father straitly charged the people with an oath, saying, Cursed be the man that eateth any food this day. And the people were faint. Then said Jonathan, My father hath troubled the land: see, I pray you, how mine eyes have been enlightened, because I tasted a little of this honey. How much more, if haply the people had eaten freely to day of the spoil of their enemies which they found? for had there not been now a much greater slaughter among the Philistines? And they smote the Philistines that day from Michmash to Aijalon: and the people were very faint. And the people flew upon the spoil, and took sheep, and oxen, and calves, and slew them on the ground: and the people did eat them with the blood. Then they told Saul, saying, Behold, the people sin against the LORD, in that they eat with the blood. And he said, Ye have transgressed: roll a great stone unto me this day. And Saul said, Disperse yourselves among the people, and say unto them, Bring me hither every man his ox, and every man his sheep, and slay them here, and eat; and sin not against the LORD in eating with the blood. And all the people brought every man his ox with him that night, and slew them there. And Saul built an altar unto the LORD: the same was the first altar that he built unto the LORD. And Saul said, Let us go down after the Philistines by night, and spoil them until the morning light, and let us not leave a man of them. And they said, Do whatsoever seemeth good unto thee. Then said the priest, Let us draw near hither unto God. And Saul asked counsel of God, Shall I go down after the Philistines? wilt thou deliver them into the hand of Israel? But he answered him not that day. And Saul said, Draw ye near hither, all the chief of the people: and know and see wherein this sin hath been this day. For, as the LORD liveth, which saveth Israel, though it be in Jonathan my son, he shall surely die. But there was not a man among all the people that answered him. Then said he unto all Israel, Be ye on one side, and I and Jonathan my son will be on the other side. And the people said unto Saul, Do what seemeth good unto thee. Therefore Saul said unto the LORD God of Israel, Give a perfect lot. And Saul and Jonathan were taken: but the people escaped. And Saul said, Cast lots between me and Jonathan my son. And Jonathan was taken. Then Saul said to Jonathan, Tell me what thou hast done. And Jonathan told him, and said, I did but taste a little honey with the end of the rod that was in mine hand, and, lo, I must die. And Saul answered, God do so and more also: for thou shalt surely die, Jonathan. And the people said unto Saul, Shall Jonathan die, who hath wrought this great salvation in Israel? God forbid: as the LORD liveth, there shall not one hair of his head fall to the ground; for he hath wrought with God this day. So the people rescued Jonathan, that he died not. Then Saul went up from following the Philistines: and the Philistines went to their own place."
Word Study
"troubled," Hebrew akar (עָכַר), "to trouble, stir up, bring disaster upon." Jonathan's verdict on his father's rash oath is blunt: "My father hath troubled (akar) the land." The word means to bring ruin or calamity, the same used of Achan, who "troubled" Israel (Joshua 7:25), and of Ahab, of whom it was asked, "Art thou he that troubleth Israel?" (1 Kings 18:17). Saul's foolish curse, meant to speed the victory, actually crippled it: the army grew faint from hunger, the slaughter was less than it might have been, and the starving men later sinned by eating meat with the blood. A leader's rash, self-important vow, "that I may be avenged on mine enemies", brought trouble on everyone. It is a sharp contrast: Jonathan's faith saved the land; Saul's rashness troubled it. Leaders who bind others with unwise, ego-driven rules "trouble the land," while the honey of God's provision goes untasted. Beware the rash word that, meant to help, only harms.
Explanation
Saul's rashness now unravels the victory. He binds the army under a curse: no food until evening. It is self-centered ("that I may be avenged on mine enemies") and foolish, leaving the pursuing troops faint and weak. In a wood dripping with honey, no one dares eat, but Jonathan, who had not heard the oath, tastes some and is refreshed, "his eyes were enlightened." Learning of the curse, Jonathan rightly names it: "My father hath troubled the land." Famished, the people later fall on the spoil and eat meat with the blood, a real sin Saul must scramble to correct. Then, when God is silent to Saul's inquiry, Saul, still bound to his rash oath, discovers by lot that Jonathan "broke" it and vows his own son must die. Only the people's intervention, "Shall Jonathan die, who hath wrought this great salvation?", rescues the hero of the day. Saul's rashness has turned a triumph into a near-tragedy.
Gospel Focus
Saul and Jonathan stand in stark contrast: the son wins salvation by faith, the father nearly destroys the savior by rash zeal. Saul's oath teaches how much damage a leader's foolish, self-glorifying rules can do, binding God's people with burdens that starve rather than feed. Jesus rebuked exactly this in the Pharisees, who "bind heavy burdens and grievous to be borne, and lay them on men's shoulders" (Matthew 23:4). And notice that it was the people, with sound sense, who saw what Saul could not: that the one who "hath wrought this great salvation" must not die. There is grace in that rescue. But the deeper note is Saul's decline: a king so bound to his own word and honor that he would kill the very deliverer God had used. Beware rash vows and self-important zeal; they trouble the land and turn against the work of God. Better the quiet faith of Jonathan than the loud rashness of Saul.
The Wars and House of Saul (1 Samuel 14:47-52)
A summary of Saul's military campaigns and his family, closing the first phase of his reign.
Sore War Against the Philistines All His Days
"So Saul took the kingdom over Israel, and fought against all his enemies on every side, against Moab, and against the children of Ammon, and against Edom, and against the kings of Zobah, and against the Philistines: and whithersoever he turned himself, he vexed them. And he gathered an host, and smote the Amalekites, and delivered Israel out of the hands of them that spoiled them. Now the sons of Saul were Jonathan, and Ishui, and Melchishua: and the names of his two daughters were these; the name of the firstborn Merab, and the name of the younger Michal: And the name of Saul's wife was Ahinoam, the daughter of Ahimaaz: and the name of the captain of his host was Abner, the son of Ner, Saul's uncle. And Kish was the father of Saul; and Ner the father of Abner was the son of Abiel. And there was sore war against the Philistines all the days of Saul: and when Saul saw any strong man, or any valiant man, he took him unto him."
Word Study
"vexed," Hebrew rasha (רָשַׁע) in a causative sense, or here rendered "he worsted/defeated them." The summary reports that "whithersoever he turned himself," Saul defeated Israel's enemies, Moab, Ammon, Edom, Zobah, the Philistines, and the Amalekites. On the surface Saul was a capable, even successful, warrior-king; God used him to give Israel real relief from its oppressors. This is a sober reminder that outward success and God's approval are not the same. Saul won many battles yet was losing his own soul through disobedience and rashness. A man may "vex" many enemies and still be, as Saul was, rejected in heart before God. The Lord looks past the record of victories to the state of the heart. "What is a man profited, if he shall gain the whole world, and lose his own soul?" (Matthew 16:26). Saul's campaigns were real; so was his inward ruin. Success in the eyes of men is no substitute for a heart right with God.
Explanation
The chapter closes with a summary of Saul's reign: he "took the kingdom" and fought successfully on every front, subduing Moab, Ammon, Edom, Zobah, the Philistines, and the Amalekites, giving Israel relief from those who spoiled them. His family is named, sons Jonathan, Ishui, and Melchishua; daughters Merab and Michal (who will marry David); his wife Ahinoam; and his cousin Abner, captain of the host. The note that "when Saul saw any strong man... he took him unto him" foreshadows how David will be drawn into his service. Outwardly Saul's reign looks like a success story, a king who defended Israel. But the reader already knows the deeper truth: this capable king has been rejected by God for his disobedience, and the man after God's heart is coming.
Gospel Focus
Saul's impressive military record stands as a warning that outward success can mask inward failure. He won battles against every surrounding nation, yet had already been told his kingdom would not continue, and would soon be told again. God's assessment is not ours: while men counted Saul's victories, God weighed his heart and found it wanting. This is the sobering lesson for every servant of God: it is possible to be busy, gifted, even successful in the LORD's work, and yet be drifting from Him in the heart. "The LORD looketh on the heart" (1 Samuel 16:7). Do not measure your standing before God by your visible achievements. Seek to be, above all, a person after God's heart, for that, not a record of conquests, is what endures. Saul had the throne and the victories; David, and finally Christ, had the heart.
Chapter 14 in Review
1 Samuel 14 sets the bold faith of Jonathan against the rashness of Saul. While Saul sits passive under a pomegranate tree, Jonathan and his armourbearer climb a cliff against a garrison, trusting that "there is no restraint to the LORD to save by many or by few." God sends a great trembling, turns the enemy's swords on themselves, and "the LORD saved Israel that day." But Saul's foolish oath forbidding food faints his army, ensnares the unwitting Jonathan, and nearly costs the hero his life, until the people rescue him. A closing summary records Saul's many victories, even as we know his heart has been rejected.
For the Apostolic reader, the chapter is rich with contrast. Jonathan's faith, "no restraint to the LORD", is the faith that does exploits, believing God is not limited by numbers or means. Saul's rashness, "my father hath troubled the land", warns against self-important zeal that burdens God's people. And Saul's impressive victories over every enemy, set against his rejected heart, sound the sober truth that outward success is no substitute for a heart right with God. "The LORD looketh on the heart."
- "There is no restraint to the LORD to save by many or by few", the faith that dares to act on God's power.
- "So the LORD saved Israel that day", God used Jonathan's faith, but the salvation was His.
- Saul's rash oath "troubled the land"; beware self-important zeal that burdens God's people.
- Saul won many battles yet was rejected in heart; outward success is no substitute for a heart right with God.
Questions for Reflection
- Are you sitting passive under the "pomegranate tree" of fear, or acting on the truth that nothing restrains the LORD?
- Have you ever, like Saul, "troubled the land" with a rash word or self-important rule?
- Do you measure your standing before God by outward success, or by a heart set on Him?
References & Sources
Scripture is quoted from the King James Version (KJV). The Hebrew terms are standard and can be checked in any Hebrew lexicon. Supporting passages are listed so every claim can be verified in its own setting. If anything here does not look right, a verse, a reference, or a wording, please tell us at info@FruitBearers.net. Thank you for helping us keep Bible Learning error free.
- Jonathan's faith; no restraint to the LORD: 1 Samuel 14:1-15; Luke 1:37; Genesis 18:14; Daniel 11:32.
- The enemy's self-destruction; the LORD saved Israel: 1 Samuel 14:16-23; Judges 7:22; 2 Chronicles 20:23; Matthew 12:26; Jonah 2:9.
- Saul's rash oath; troubling the land: 1 Samuel 14:24-46; Joshua 7:25; 1 Kings 18:17-18; Matthew 23:4.
- Saul's victories versus his rejected heart: 1 Samuel 14:47-52; Matthew 16:26; 1 Samuel 16:7.