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Verse-by-Verse Commentary

The Book of 1 Kings

Chapter 3: Give Thy Servant an Understanding Heart

At Gibeon God says to the young king, 'Ask what I shall give thee,' and Solomon, owning himself 'but a little child,' asks not for riches or long life but for 'an understanding heart to judge thy people.' God grants him wisdom, and much besides, and the famous judgment between two harlots shows all Israel that the wisdom of God was in him.

About This Commentary

This is a verse-by-verse study of 1 Kings chapter 3. For each section you will find the KJV text, the Hebrew words that sharpen the meaning, plain explanation, and a Gospel Focus. Chapter 3 records Solomon's gift of wisdom and its first great display. Every Scripture quotation is from the King James Version.

Ask What I Shall Give Thee

Solomon's Dream at Gibeon (1 Kings 3:1-15)

Given a blank check by God, Solomon humbly asks for wisdom to govern, and God grants that and much more.

1 Kings 3:1-15

I Am But a Little Child

"And Solomon made affinity with Pharaoh king of Egypt, and took Pharaoh's daughter, and brought her into the city of David, until he had made an end of building his own house, and the house of the LORD, and the wall of Jerusalem round about. Only the people sacrificed in high places, because there was no house built unto the name of the LORD, until those days. And Solomon loved the LORD, walking in the statutes of David his father: only he sacrificed and burnt incense in high places. And the king went to Gibeon to sacrifice there; for that was the great high place: a thousand burnt offerings did Solomon offer upon that altar. In Gibeon the LORD appeared to Solomon in a dream by night: and God said, Ask what I shall give thee. And Solomon said, Thou hast shewed unto thy servant David my father great mercy, according as he walked before thee in truth, and in righteousness, and in uprightness of heart with thee; and thou hast kept for him this great kindness, that thou hast given him a son to sit on his throne, as it is this day. And now, O LORD my God, thou hast made thy servant king instead of David my father: and I am but a little child: I know not how to go out or come in. And thy servant is in the midst of thy people which thou hast chosen, a great people, that cannot be numbered nor counted for multitude. Give therefore thy servant an understanding heart to judge thy people, that I may discern between good and bad: for who is able to judge this thy so great a people? And the speech pleased the Lord, that Solomon had asked this thing. And God said unto him, Because thou hast asked this thing, and hast not asked for thyself long life; neither hast asked riches for thyself, nor hast asked the life of thine enemies; but hast asked for thyself understanding to discern judgment; Behold, I have done according to thy words: lo, I have given thee a wise and an understanding heart; so that there was none like thee before thee, neither after thee shall any arise like unto thee. And I have also given thee that which thou hast not asked, both riches, and honour: so that there shall not be any among the kings like unto thee all thy days. And if thou wilt walk in my ways, to keep my statutes and my commandments, as thy father David did walk, then I will lengthen thy days. And Solomon awoke; and, behold, it was a dream. And he came to Jerusalem, and stood before the ark of the covenant of the LORD, and offered up burnt offerings, and offered peace offerings, and made a feast to all his servants."

Word Study

"an understanding heart," Hebrew lev shomea (לֵב שֹׁמֵעַ), literally "a hearing heart." When God says, "Ask what I shall give thee," Solomon's request is the mark of true wisdom before he even receives it: he asks for a "hearing heart" (lev shomea), a heart that listens, to God and to the case at hand, that it may "discern between good and bad." He begins by confessing his own smallness, "I am but a little child: I know not how to go out or come in", the humility that is itself the beginning of wisdom, "the fear of the LORD is the beginning of wisdom" (Proverbs 9:10). He asks not for riches, long life, or the death of his enemies, but for the ability to serve God's people well. And "the speech pleased the Lord." God grants the wisdom, and adds what Solomon did not ask, riches and honor besides, a beautiful illustration of "seek ye first the kingdom of God... and all these things shall be added unto you" (Matthew 6:33). What we most need is a hearing heart; and God delights to give it, "if any of you lack wisdom, let him ask of God... and it shall be given him" (James 1:5). Yet the chapter also drops quiet warning notes, the marriage to Pharaoh's daughter and worship in the high places, hinting at the compromises that would later undo him. Even a wise beginning must be guarded to the end.

Explanation

The chapter opens with mixed signs: Solomon loves the LORD and walks in David's ways, yet he marries Pharaoh's daughter and, like the people, worships at the high places (there being as yet no temple). Going to sacrifice at the great high place of Gibeon, Solomon receives a night vision in which God offers him whatever he will ask. Solomon answers with humility and wisdom. He thanks God for His mercy to David, confesses his own inadequacy for so great a task ("I am but a little child"), and asks only for an understanding, hearing heart to judge God's vast people rightly. God is pleased. Because Solomon asked not for selfish things but for wisdom to serve, God grants him unequalled wisdom, and adds riches and honor unasked, promising long life too if he will walk in God's ways. Solomon wakes, returns to Jerusalem, worships before the ark, and holds a feast.

Gospel Focus

Solomon's request teaches us how to pray and what to prize. Offered anything, he asked not for wealth, long life, or triumph over enemies, but for a hearing heart to serve God's people, and it "pleased the Lord." Our prayers so often grasp at lesser things; God delights when we seek first His kingdom and the wisdom to walk in it. "If any of you lack wisdom, let him ask of God." And God's generosity shines: He gave Solomon what he asked and added what he did not, for those who seek first the kingdom find "all these things... added unto" them. Solomon's humble "I am but a little child" reminds us that true wisdom begins in owning our own smallness before God. Yet the chapter's shadows, the foreign marriage, the high places, warn that a wise start must be kept; wisdom received must be walked in. Ask God for a hearing heart, prize His wisdom above all riches, and guard the good beginning to the end. And remember that in Christ, "a greater than Solomon" (Matthew 12:42), "are hid all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge" (Colossians 2:3); the truest wisdom is to know Him.

The Wisdom of God

The Judgment of the Two Harlots (1 Kings 3:16-28)

Solomon's famous ruling in an impossible case reveals the true mother and displays the wisdom of God in him.

1 Kings 3:16-28

The Wisdom of God Was in Him

"Then came there two women, that were harlots, unto the king, and stood before him. And the one woman said, O my lord, I and this woman dwell in one house; and I was delivered of a child with her in the house. And it came to pass the third day after that I was delivered, that this woman was delivered also: and we were together; there was no stranger with us in the house, save we two in the house. And this woman's child died in the night; because she overlaid it. And she arose at midnight, and took my son from beside me, while thine handmaid slept, and laid it in her bosom, and laid her dead child in my bosom. And when I rose in the morning to give my child suck, behold, it was dead: but when I had considered it in the morning, behold, it was not my son, which I did bear. And the other woman said, Nay; but the living is my son, and the dead is thy son. And this said, No; but the dead is thy son, and the living is my son. Thus they spake before the king. Then said the king, The one saith, This is my son that liveth, and thy son is the dead: and the other saith, Nay; but thy son is the dead, and my son is the living. And the king said, Bring me a sword. And they brought a sword before the king. And the king said, Divide the living child in two, and give half to the one, and half to the other. Then spake the woman whose the living child was unto the king, for her bowels yearned upon her son, and she said, O my lord, give her the living child, and in no wise slay it. But the other said, Let it be neither mine nor thine, but divide it. Then the king answered and said, Give her the living child, and in no wise slay it: she is the mother thereof. And all Israel heard of the judgment which the king had judged; and they feared the king: for they saw that the wisdom of God was in him, to do judgment."

Word Study

"the wisdom of God was in him," Hebrew chokmath Elohim (חָכְמַת אֱלֹהִים), "the wisdom of God." The famous case of the two harlots, an impossible dispute with no witnesses, one word against another, becomes the proof that "the wisdom of God (chokmath Elohim) was in him, to do judgment." Solomon's ruling was brilliant because it reached past the words to the heart: the sword test exposed love. The true mother's "bowels yearned upon her son", she would rather lose him than see him slain, while the false claimant, hardened, said "let it be neither mine nor thine, but divide it." Real love is self-sacrificing; it would give up its own claim to save the beloved. So the true is known by love. This is a faint but real gospel echo: it was self-giving love that identified the true mother, and it is self-giving love, supremely the love of God who "spared not his own son" (Romans 8:32), that marks the true heart. Solomon's God-given discernment made all Israel fear (reverence) the king, seeing God's own wisdom at work in him. It points beyond Solomon to the greater than Solomon, Christ, in whom are hid all the treasures of wisdom, who alone perfectly discerns every heart and judges in righteousness.

Explanation

The gift of wisdom is put to an immediate, dramatic test. Two harlots living in one house each bore a child; one child died in the night, and now each woman claims the living child as her own, with no witnesses to settle it. It is a hopeless case of word against word. Solomon calls for a sword and orders the living child divided in two, half to each. Instantly the true mother is revealed: her love for her son overwhelms her claim, and she cries, "give her the living child, and in no wise slay it", she would rather lose him than see him die. The false claimant, callous, agrees to the killing: "let it be neither mine nor thine, but divide it." Solomon at once awards the child to the woman whose love spared him: "she is the mother thereof." All Israel hears of it and stands in awe, seeing that the wisdom of God is in their king to do justice.

Gospel Focus

Solomon's judgment reveals a wisdom that reaches past words to the heart, and it shows that true love is self-sacrificing. The real mother would surrender her own claim rather than let her child be harmed; the counterfeit would rather see him destroyed than yield. So the true is ever known by self-giving love, "hereby perceive we the love of God, because he laid down his life for us" (1 John 3:16). Solomon's wisdom made Israel revere the king, for they saw God's own wisdom in him. Yet Solomon points beyond himself. The Lord Jesus said, "a greater than Solomon is here" (Matthew 12:42), and in Him "are hid all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge" (Colossians 2:3). He is the true King in whom the wisdom of God dwells not in part but in fullness, who discerns every heart and will judge the world in perfect righteousness. If you would be wise, ask God for a hearing heart, prize His wisdom above gold, and above all come to Christ, who "of God is made unto us wisdom" (1 Corinthians 1:30). The beginning of all true wisdom is the fear of the LORD, and its fullness is found in His Son.

Chapter 3 in Review

1 Kings 3 gives Solomon his defining gift. Amid mixed signs, a love for the LORD alongside a foreign marriage and worship at the high places, God appears to Solomon at Gibeon and offers him anything. Confessing himself "but a little child," Solomon asks not for riches or long life but for "an understanding heart to judge thy people." The request pleases God, who grants unequalled wisdom and adds riches and honor unasked. The gift is at once displayed in the famous case of the two harlots: by ordering the living child divided, Solomon exposes the true mother, whose self-sacrificing love spares her son, and all Israel sees that "the wisdom of God was in him."

For the Apostolic reader, the chapter teaches us how to pray and what to prize: seek first a hearing heart and the wisdom of God's kingdom, and trust Him to add what we need. It shows that true love is self-giving, the mark of the real over the counterfeit, echoing the self-giving love of God. And it points beyond Solomon to the greater than Solomon, Christ, in whom are hid all the treasures of wisdom, who alone perfectly discerns every heart. Ask God for wisdom, guard a good beginning to the end, and find the fullness of wisdom in His Son.

Key Takeaways
  • Solomon asked for a "hearing heart" to serve, not for riches; seek first God's kingdom and wisdom.
  • "I am but a little child", true wisdom begins in humble owning of our own smallness before God.
  • The true mother was known by self-sacrificing love; the true heart is marked by love that gives itself.
  • "A greater than Solomon is here", in Christ are hid all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge.

Questions for Reflection

  • If God said, "Ask what I shall give thee," what would you ask, and what does that reveal about your heart?
  • Do you prize the wisdom of God above riches, honor, and long life?
  • Is your love self-sacrificing, like the true mother's, or self-serving, like the counterfeit's?

References & Sources

Scripture is quoted from the King James Version (KJV). The Hebrew terms are standard and can be checked in any Hebrew lexicon. Supporting passages are listed so every claim can be verified in its own setting. If anything here does not look right, a verse, a reference, or a wording, please tell us at info@FruitBearers.net. Thank you for helping us keep Bible Learning error free.

  1. Solomon asks for a hearing heart; seeking wisdom first: 1 Kings 3:1-15; Proverbs 9:10; Matthew 6:33; James 1:5; Matthew 12:42; Colossians 2:3.
  2. The judgment of the two harlots; self-giving love and the wisdom of God: 1 Kings 3:16-28; 1 John 3:16; Matthew 12:42; Colossians 2:3; 1 Corinthians 1:30.
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